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1.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 83(2): 153-156, Mar.-Apr. 2020. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1088973

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT A 45-year-old man presented with a 3-month history of a mass located in the caruncle of his right eye. An incisional biopsy had been performed one month prior by another specialist, and the histopathology report showed basal cell carcinoma. The mass was completely excised with a 2 mm safety margin, and the large conjunctival defect was reconstructed with one sheet of amniotic membrane allograft. A histological diagnosis of pilomatrix carcinoma was established. To prevent recurrence after surgery, we added bevacizumab (25 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL per drop) eye drops four times per day for three months. At the one-year follow-up, the patient showed no evidence of local recurrence or distant metastasis after initial excision and remains under close follow-up. Pilomatrix carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a caruncular mass.


RESUMO Um homem de 45 anos apresentou história de massa na carúncula no olho direito durante 3 meses. Uma biópsia incisional foi realizada 1 mês antes por outro especialista e o laudo histopatológico mostrava carcinoma basocelular. A massa foi completamente excisada, com uma margem de segurança de 2 mm, e a grande lesão conjuntival foi reconstruída com uma folha de aloenxerto de membrana amniótica. Foi estabelecido um diagnóstico histológico de carcinoma pilomatricial. Para evitar a recorrência após a cirurgia, adicionamos colírio de bevacizumabe (25 mg/mL, 1,25 mg/mL por gota) quatro vezes ao dia durante três meses. No seguimento de 1 ano, o paciente não apresentou evidência de recidiva local ou metástase distante após a excisão inicial e continua sob acompanhamento próximo. O carcinoma pilomatricial deve ser considerado no diagnóstico diferencial de uma massa caruncular.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology , Pilomatrixoma/pathology , Conjunctival Neoplasms/pathology , Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases/pathology , Biopsy , Carcinoma, Basal Cell/surgery , Pilomatrixoma/surgery , Conjunctival Neoplasms/surgery , Hair Follicle/pathology , Hair Diseases/pathology , Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases/surgery
2.
Rev. chil. dermatol ; 36(4): 194-197, 2020. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1400578

ABSTRACT

El pilomatrixoma es un tumor anexial benigno, que muestra diferenciación hacia células matriciales y supramatriciales del folículo piloso. Es el segundo tumor benigno más frecuente en la población infantil luego del quiste epidérmico. Su presentación clínica habitual consiste en una lesión única, de consistencia firme y generalmente indolora.1 La variante anetodérmica o bulosa es poco frecuente, en general de rápido crecimiento y en ocasiones dolorosa.2 Se presenta a continuación un caso clínico de esta rara variante, por la importancia de conocer esta particular forma presentación.


A clinical case of bullous pilomatrixoma is present. Correspond to the second most frequent benign tumor in children, derived from the matrix cells of the hair follicle. It commonly presents as a single lesion, of firm consistency and mostly painless. The bullous variant corresponds to 2% of the presentations, the morphology is explained by the dilation of the lymphatic vessels and the consequent extravasation of lymph, as well as by the absence of elastic and collagen fibers. Treatment is the surgical excision of the lesion, and a biopsy specimen is necessary to establish a definitive diagnosis. Knowing this form of presentation allows us to pose it as a diagnostic option in clinical practice.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pilomatrixoma/diagnosis , Hair Diseases/diagnosis , Skin Neoplasms/surgery , Pilomatrixoma/surgery , Hair Diseases/surgery
3.
Rev. cuba. pediatr ; 91(3): e552, jul.-set. 2019. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1093723

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El pilomatrixoma es un tumor benigno que afecta fundamentalmente a pacientes femeninas menores de 10 años. Se manifiesta como una masa sólida y encapsulada, situada profundamente en la dermis inferior y recubierto de piel normal; puede medir entre 3 y 30 milímetros. Objetivo: Informar las manifestaciones clínicas de este tumor que permiten llegar al diagnóstico de un pilomatrixoma. Presentación del caso: Se presenta el caso de un adolescente de 12 años de edad, que acude a consulta de dermatología del Hospital Andino de Chimborazo, con manifestaciones clínicas que permiten hacer el diagnóstico de pilomatrixoma. Conclusiones: El pilomaxitroma es un raro tumor que, aunque afecta frecuentemente a niñas menores de 10 años, también puede presentarse en pacientes mayores del sexo masculino. El estudio anatomopatológico resulta vital para realizar el diagnóstico de la enfermedad y una vez realizado dicho diagnóstico la excéresis del tumor es el procedimiento más adecuado(AU)


Introduction: Pilomatrixomais a benign tumor that mainly affects female patients under 10 years old. It manifests as a solid and encapsulated mass, located deep in the lower dermis and covered with normal skin; it can measure between 3 and 30 mm. Objective: To present the clinical manifestations that allow to reach the diagnosis of a pilomatrixoma. Case presentation: It is presented the case of a 12-year-old male adolescent, who attended the dermatology clinic in the Andean Hospital of Chimborazo, with clinical manifestations that allow the diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. Conclusions: Pilomaxitroma is a rare tumor that, although it frequently affects girls under 10 years of age, can also occur in older male patients. The anatomopathological study is vital to make the diagnosis of the disease and once performed the same exceresis of the tumor is the most appropriate procedure(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Pilomatrixoma/surgery , Pilomatrixoma/diagnosis , Biopsy, Fine-Needle/methods , Quality of Life/psychology
4.
Rev. chil. dermatol ; 34(2): 72-75, 2018. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-994884

ABSTRACT

El pilomatrixoma es una neoplasia anexial benigna, que habitualmente se presenta como pápula o nódulo subcutáneo, de crecimiento lento y asintomático. Es más frecuente en niños. El diagnóstico se basa en hallazgos clínicos, y la ecografía es útil como examen complementario. El tratamiento es su resección quirúrgica. Se presenta un caso infrecuente de pilomatrixoma quístico con verruga vulgar intraquística en un paciente adulto.


Pilomatricoma is a benign adnexal tumor, usually presenting as a slow growing asymptomatic subcutaneous papule or nodule. It is more common in children. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings, and ultrasound is useful as a complementary workup tool. Its treatment is surgical excision. We present a rare case of a cystic pilomatricoma with an intracystic verruca vulgaris in an adult patient.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Warts/pathology , Pilomatrixoma/pathology , Hair Diseases/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/surgery , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pilomatrixoma/surgery , Pilomatrixoma/diagnosis , Hair Diseases/surgery , Hair Diseases/diagnosis
5.
Rev. AMRIGS ; 60(4): 370-373, out.-dez. 2016. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-847858

ABSTRACT

Pilomatricoma é uma neoplasia folicular benigna relativamente rara. Pode ocorrer em qualquer idade, mas menos de 13% dos casos acontecem em pessoas com mais de 50 anos, sendo mais comum em mulheres (1,5 a 2,5 mulheres:1 homem). A localização mais frequente é a região cervical, seguida das áreas frontais, periorbitárias e pré-auriculares (1). Clinicamente, apresenta-se como um tumor subcutâneo ou intradérmico, endurecido e de crescimento lento. O diagnóstico pré-cirúrgico é quase sempre difícil (3). O tratamento padrão é o cirúrgico, com margens de segurança amplas para minimizar o risco de recorrência nas variantes malignas (2,3). Relatamos um caso atípico e exuberante de múltiplos pilomatricomas em membros superiores em um paciente do sexo masculino de 55 anos (AU)


Pilomatricoma is a relatively rare benign follicular neoplasm. It can occur at any age, but less than 13% of cases occur in people over 50 years old, and it is more common in women (1.5 to 2.5 women: 1 man). The most frequent location is the cervical region, followed by the frontal, periorbital and pre-auricular areas (1). Clinically it presents as a hardened and slowly growing subcutaneous or intradermal tumor. Preoperative diagnosis is almost always difficult (3). The standard treatment is surgical, with wide safety margins to minimize the risk of recurrence in malignant variants (2,3). We report an atypical and exuberant case of multiple pilomatricomas in upper limbs in a 55-year-old male patient (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pilomatrixoma/diagnosis , Pilomatrixoma/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Pilomatrixoma/surgery , Upper Extremity , Diagnosis, Differential
6.
Rev. bras. oftalmol ; 75(3): 238-240, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-787694

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Pilomatrixoma is a rare benign tumor, which usually affects young women in the head and neck region. The eyelid is a common site of the disease, though it is very rare in the tarsal conjunctiva.The pilomatrixoma has clinical pleomorphism, which confuses this disease with other similar conditions. The diagnosis is made by pathological examination in most cases. The treatment is surgical, performed by total excision of the lesion with clear margins and recurrence is very uncommon.We present an unusual case of probable recurrent pilomatrixoma in the left upper tarsal conjunctiva.


RESUMO O pilomatricoma é uma neoplasia benigna rara, geralmente acomete mulheres jovens, ocorrendo na região da cabeça e pescoço. A pálpebra é um local comum de aparecimento do pilomatricoma, contudo, seu aparecimento na conjuntiva tarsal é muito raro. O diagnóstico é feito pelo exame anátomo-patológico na maioria dos casos, pois seu pleomorfismo clínico o confunde com outras alterações. O tratamento é cirúrgico, realizado por meio da exérese total da lesão com margens livres. São raros os casos de recidiva. Apresentamos um caso atípico de provável recidiva de pilomatricoma, localizado na conjuntiva tarsal superior à esquerda.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Pilomatrixoma/surgery , Pilomatrixoma/diagnosis , Pilomatrixoma/pathology , Conjunctival Neoplasms/surgery , Conjunctival Neoplasms/diagnosis , Conjunctival Neoplasms/pathology , Recurrence , Biopsy , Exotropia , Conjunctiva/surgery , Conjunctiva/pathology
9.
J. oral res. (Impresa) ; 2(1): 31-34, abr. 2013. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-708324

ABSTRACT

El Pilomatrixoma o epitelioma calcificado de Malherbe es un tumor benigno derivado de los folículos pilosos. Afecta con más frecuencia a niños y adultos jóvenes. Ellos son nódulos dérmicos o subcutáneos que se presentan normalmente en forma asintomática, solitarios, con una consistencia firme o dura y no adheridos a planos profundos. Reportamos un caso de una niña con un pilomatrixoma en la región preauricular.


Pilomatrixoma or calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe is a benign tumor derived from hair follicles. Frequently found in children and young adults. They are usually asymptomatic, solitary, firm or hard, freely mobile, dermal or subcutaneous nodules. We present a case of a girl with a pilomatrixoma in preauricular region.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Hair Diseases/surgery , Hair Diseases/diagnosis , Skin Neoplasms/surgery , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pilomatrixoma/surgery , Pilomatrixoma/diagnosis , Face
10.
Rev. bras. cir. plást ; 27(4): 605-610, out.-dez. 2012. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-675906

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: Pilomatricoma (epitelioma calcificante de Malherbe) representa cerca de 1% dos tumores benignos de pele. O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo é rever as características clínicas e histopatológicas dessa lesão em pacientes tratados nos Departamentos de Cirurgia Plástica e Anatomia Patológica de um hospital geral. MÉTODO: Dados relacionados a 68 lesões, presentes em 56 pacientes, foram revisados. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a excisão cirúrgica dos tumores. Os seguintes aspectos foram estudados: gênero, idade, localização e tamanho das lesões, diagnóstico pré-operatório, recorrência e características peculiares à histopatologia. RESULTADOS: Trinta e um pacientes eram do sexo masculino (55,4%) e 25, do feminino (44,6%). As lesões estavam localizadas na face (42,4%), membros superiores (19,7%), tronco (13,6%), membros inferiores (12,1%), pescoço (9,1%) e couro cabeludo (3,1%). Em um paciente, foi observada recorrência após o primeiro tratamento cirúrgico. Outra paciente apresentou lesões em vários locais, em cinco ocasiões diferentes. Um terceiro paciente teve o diagnóstico de pilomatricoma proliferante. Todos os tumores eram benignos. O diagnóstico clínico de pilomatricoma foi realizado pelo cirurgião em apenas 19,7% dos casos. CONCLUSÕES: Pilomatricomas devem ser considerados no diagnóstico diferencial, especialmente dos nódulos de cabeça e pescoço. Exame clínico cuidadoso e conhecimento da lesão favorecem o diagnóstico preciso e, portanto, o tratamento adequado.


BACKGROUND: Pilomatricoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe) represents approximately 1% of all benign skin tumors. The aim of this retrospective study was to review the clinical and histopathological characteristics of this lesion in patients presenting to the Departments of Plastic Surgery and Pathology of a general hospital. METHODS: Data regarding 68 lesions in 56 patients were reviewed. All patients underwent surgical excision of the tumors. The medical records were reviewed for gender, age, lesion location and size, preoperative diagnosis, recurrence, and particular histopathological characteristics. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients (55.4%) were male and 25 (44.6) female. The lesions were distributed in the face (42.4%), upper limbs (19.7%), trunk (13.6%), lower limbs (12.1%), neck (9.1%), and scalp (3.1%). In one patient, the condition recurred following the first surgical treatment. Another patient had multiple presentation of her lesions, that appeared in several locations and five different occasions. A third patient was diagnosed with proliferating pilomatricoma. All neoplasms were benign lesions. Pilomatricomas were clinically diagnosed by the surgeons only in 19.7% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: Pilomatricoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of nodules, especially those on the head and neck. Careful clinical examination and familiarity with the condition may lead to accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Hair Diseases , Intraoperative Complications , Pilomatrixoma/surgery , Skin Neoplasms , Wounds and Injuries , Histological Techniques , Methods , Patients
11.
Indian J Pathol Microbiol ; 2012 Oct-Dec 55(4): 563-565
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-145665

ABSTRACT

A hybrid cyst is a rare condition which includes any type of cyst arising from the various parts of the pilosebaceous unit. We report a case of hybrid cyst with infundibular, isthmic, and pilomatrical differentiation. A 12-year-old boy presented with a mass on the right cheek. The physical examination revealed an oval-shaped, dark-gray protruding mass with dimensions of 0.9 cm × 0.6 cm that was non-tender to palpation. The mass was totally excised. The diagnosis of a hybrid cyst was confirmed by histological evaluation. It was a well-encapsulated mass and showed combined histologic features of infundibular, isthmus, and pilomatrical differentiation. The hybrid cyst is a follicular cyst that includes two or more components of a cystic lesion arising from the pilosebaceous unit. Occasionally, there have been reports of hybrid cysts consisting of two components in differentiation, but those showing more than two components of differentiation have been extremely rare. The pathogenesis of this unusual disease is not yet known.


Subject(s)
Cheek , Child , Epidermal Cyst/diagnosis , Epidermal Cyst/surgery , Follicular Cyst/diagnosis , Follicular Cyst/surgery , Humans , Male , Pilomatrixoma/diagnosis , Pilomatrixoma/surgery
13.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 69(2): 153-156, ago. 2009. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-554740

ABSTRACT

Se expone el caso de un paciente de 1 año 3 meses, quien presenta un tumor subcutáneo nasal, el cual estaba rotulado como hemangioma cavernoso. Tras su extirpación completa se diagnostica un pilomatrixoma, derivado de la matriz pilosa. Se presenta el caso como diagnóstico diferencial de tumores subcutáneos nasales.


The case of a 15 month-old patient that presented a nasal subcutaneous tumor, which was diagnosed as cavernous hemangioma is discussed. After its complete extirpation, a pilomatricoma was diagnosed, derived from the pilosa matrix. The case is presented as a differential diagnosis of nasal subcutaneous tumors.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant , Hair Diseases/diagnosis , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Nose Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pilomatrixoma/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Hair Diseases/surgery , Skin Neoplasms/surgery , Nose Neoplasms/surgery , Pilomatrixoma/surgery
14.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 72(3): 380-383, May-June 2009. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-521476

ABSTRACT

Pilomatricoma é um tumor benigno oriundo do folículo pilossebáceo, que surge como nódulo intradérmico durante a infância na maioria dos casos. Geralmente é recoberto por pele normal, alcança em média diâmetro de 1,5 cm e frequentemente não recidiva após exérese cirúrgica. Os autores descrevem um caso no qual uma lesão tumoral iniciou seu crescimento na região superciliar esquerda de um paciente de 26 anos, sendo realizada exérese total da mesma e diagnóstico através do exame anatomopatológico de pilomatricoma. Esta lesão teve um crescimento lento, de aproximadamente dois anos, segundo o paciente. Decorridos oito meses da intervenção cirúrgica houve novo crescimento tumoral no local, desta vez de maneira rápida e exacerbada e com ulceração de pequena área da pele que recobria a lesão, induzindo, portanto, suspeita de malignidade. Realizada nova exérese com margem de segurança, o exame anatomopatológico confirmou ser a lesão um pilomatricoma, não possuindo a peça cirúrgica sinais de malignização. O paciente encontra-se em seguimento há um ano, sem sinais de recidiva até o momento.


Pilomatricoma is a benign neoplasm originated in the pilosebaceous follicle wich appears as an intradermal nodule during childhood, in most cases. It is generally covered with normal skin, reaching a diameter of 1.5 cm on average, and it often shows no recurrence after surgical excision. The authors describe a case in wich a 26-year-old patient presented a tumoral lesion on the upper left superciliary area was submitted to total excision, and diagnosed as pilomatricoma by the histological study. According to the patient, this lesion had a progressive and slow growth of about two years. Eight months after the first surgical intervention, there was a new tumor growth in the region, this time quicker and worsen, with ulceration on the small skin area that covered the lesion, thus leading to malignity suspicion. After the conduction of a new excision within a security margin, the histological test confirmed that it was a pilomatricoma lesion and the piece displayed no sign of malignity. The patient has been followed up for one year, showing no signs of recurrence so far.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Eyebrows , Hair Diseases , Pilomatrixoma , Skin Neoplasms , Diagnosis, Differential , Eyebrows/pathology , Hair Diseases/pathology , Hair Diseases/surgery , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Pilomatrixoma/pathology , Pilomatrixoma/surgery , Reoperation , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/surgery , Time Factors
15.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 70(3): 501-503, maio-jun. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-459839

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência com pilomatrixoma palpebral no Hospital Universitário Prof°. Edgard Santos, em período de 30 anos. MÉTODOS: Revisão no Registro do Laboratório de Patologia Ocular, de todos os casos de tumores palpebrais no período de 1974 a 2004. Após a identificação dos casos de pilomatrixoma, foram coletados dados referentes a gênero, idade, tempo de sintomatologia, aspecto, localização e suspeita diagnóstica inicial. As lâminas coradas pela hematoxilina e eosina foram revisadas. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 621 casos de tumores palpebrais, quatro eram de pilomatrixoma (0,64 por cento). Três pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A idade média foi de 25 anos, variando de 8 a 54. O tempo de sintomatologia médio foi de cinco meses, variando de 2 a 12. Em três casos a lesão localizava-se na pálpebra inferior. Em apenas um caso o diagnóstico clínico foi correto. Ao exame anatomopatológico, dois casos apresentavam pseudocápsula. O caso cuja sintomatologia foi mais prolongada exibia predominância de células do tipo fantasma. Reação tipo corpo estranho foi vista em todos os casos, calcificação em apenas um. CONCLUSÕES: Trata-se de tumor benigno bastante raro, acometendo principalmente jovens. Devido a sua raridade e pleomorfismo à apresentação, dificilmente o diagnóstico clínico é correto.


PURPOSE: To report the experience with eyelid pilomatrixoma during 30 years in a university hospital. METHODS: A review of the Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory at the "Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos", was conducted to identify eyelid tumor cases from 1974 to 2004. After identification of pilomatrixoma cases, a chart review retrieved data regarding gender, age, duration of symptoms, gross aspect, anatomic localization and clinical diagnosis. The hematoxilin and eosin stained sections were reviewed. RESULTS: Of a total of 621 eyelid tumors, four (0.64 percent) were pilomatrixomas. Three patients were male. The mean age at diagnosis was 25 years (from 8 to 54). Mean duration of symptoms was 5 months (from 2 to 12). In three cases the lesion was located in the inferior lid. Only one patient had a correct clinical diagnosis. Two cases exhibited a pseudo-capsule on histology. The case with 12 months of history was composed mainly of shadow cells. Foreign body reaction was seen in all cases, calcification in only one. CONCLUSION: This is a very rare benign tumor of young patients. Due to its rarity and variable clinical presentation, clinical misdiagnosis is common.


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Eyelid Neoplasms/pathology , Hair Diseases/pathology , Pilomatrixoma/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Eyelid Neoplasms/surgery , Hair Diseases/surgery , Pilomatrixoma/surgery , Skin Neoplasms/surgery
16.
Col. med. estado Táchira ; 15(2): 49-50, abr.-jun. 2006.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-531241

ABSTRACT

El pilomatrixoma es un tumor que deriva de la matrix del folículo piloso. Usualmente se manifiesta como un nódulo firme, solitario y asintomático. Es considerado como un tumor raro. Aproximadamente el 50 por ciento de las lesiones se observan en cabeza y cuello. Se presenta en la mayoría de veces en niños, pero su presentación en adultos es altamente reportada. Es más común en mujeres que en hombres. Su tratamiento se basa en la resección quirúrgica. Múltiples pilomatrixomas se han observado en asociación con distrofias musculares. La técnica anestésica ideal es aquella que permite mantener una adecuada estabilidad hemodinámica intraoperatoria, sin embargo los procedimientos extra e intracraneanos, están asociados a importantes variaciones en los estímulos nociceptivos, debido a lo cual se requiere frecuentes ajuste de la profundidad anestésica, el bloqueo somático de cabeza y cuello, proporciona una forma optima de anestesia, sola o como complemento de anestesia general, y produce una analgesia excelente en el período postoperatorio. En nuestro centro asistencial es frecuente el uso de bloqueo de cuero cabelludo, en los pacientes neuroquirúrgicos, a continuación se describe el uso de anestesia regional en un paciente masculino, con pilomatrixoma, realizada en el Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Anesthesia/methods , Creatinine/therapeutic use , Hair Follicle/abnormalities , Lidocaine/therapeutic use , Head and Neck Neoplasms/surgery , Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology , Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy , Lidocaine/pharmacology , Pilomatrixoma/surgery , Pilomatrixoma/pathology
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